Thursday, February 18, 2016

Abishua IS Samsu-iluna


Samsu-iluna (Amorite Shamshu, c. 1750 - 1712 BC) was the seventh king of the founding Amorite dynasty of Babylon, ruling from 1750 BC to 1712 BC (middle chronology), or from 1686 to 1648 BC (short chronology). He was the son and successor of Hammurabi by an unknown mother. His reign was marked by the violent uprisings of areas conquered by his father and the abandonment of several important cities (primarily in Sumer).[1]:49–50


Abishua  IS  Samsu-iluna
Son of Phinehasm and fourth high priest, 1 Chronicles 6:50. He was probably a contemporary of Eglon and Ehud, Jud 3:1-31.



Hammurabi’s son Samsuiluna (c. 1749–c. 1712 bc)





history of Mesopotamia

History of Mesopotamia: Political fortunes
Under Hammurabi’s son Samsuiluna (c. 1749–c. 1712 bc) the Babylonian empire greatly shrank in size. Following what had almost become a tradition, the south rose up in revolt. Larsa regained its autonomy for some time, and the walls of Ur, Uruk, and Larsa were leveled. Eshnunna, which evidently had also seceded, was vanquished about 1730. Later chronicles mention the...


















hammurabi 14TH KING OF BABYLON, CONTEMPORARY OF ABRAHAM



 hammurabi was born somewhere around 1792 bc


     



      Hammurabi (also known as Khammurabi OR   Ammurapi, reigned 1792-1750 BCE) was the sixth king of the Amorite First Dynasty of Babylon, assumed the throne from his father, Sin-Muballit, and expanded the kingdom to conquer all of ancient Mesopotamia. The kingdom of Babylon comprised only the cities of Babylon, Kish, Sippar, and Borsippa when Hammurabi came to the throne but, through a succession of military campaigns, careful alliances made and broken when necessary, and political maneuvers, he held the entire region under Babylonian control by 1750 BCE and, according to his own inscriptions and letters and administrative documents from his reign, sought to improve the lives of those who lived under his rule. He is best known in the modern day for his law code which, although not the earliest code of laws, came to serve as a model for other cultures and is thought to have influenced the laws set down by Hebrew scribes, including those from the biblical Book of Exodus.




  Mesopotamia, the land that is today part of Iraq, Syria, and Turkey, is home to one of the oldest civilizations to have ever been discovered. It is here that the civilizations of Sumer, Babylon, and Assyria existed. This land is noteworthy in the Bible because it was here that the exiles were taken captive after the destruction of Jerusalem. It was also here that Abraham had lived before he set out to the Promised Land. For many years, Abraham was believed to have lived at the same time as Hammurabi, king of Babylon. Later scholars would date Abraham to the period shortly before the reign of Hammurabi. However, the result of recent research is that the chronology of the ancient world is being redated. Hammurabi now appears to be a near contemporary of Moses instead of Abraham. In Egyptian chronological studies, the patriarchs are dated earlier than ever before. In spite of this, there has been little research conducted on the relationship between Abraham and Mesopotamia in this new chronological revolution. This article will look at the current trends in chronological studies and how they relate to the life of Abraham. It will come to the conclusion that Abraham lived much earlier in Mesopotamian history than what most have realized.  

And it came to pass in the days of Amraphel king of Shinar, Arioch king of Ellasar, Chedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of nations; That these made war with Bera king of Sodom, and with Birsha king of Gomorrah, Shinab king of Admah, and Shemeber king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela, which is Zoar. All these were joined together in the vale of Siddim, which is the salt sea." - Genesis 14:1-3













The Babylonians Under Hammurabi

Babylon remained a minor territory for a century after it was founded, until the reign of its sixth Amorite ruler, Hammurabi (1792- 1750 BCE). He was a very efficient ruler, establishing a bureaucracy with taxation and centralized government. Hammurabi freed Babylon from Elamite dominance, and indeed drove them from southern Mesopotamia entirely. He then gradually expanded Babylonian dominance over the whole of southern Mesopotamia, conquering the cities and states of the region, including: Isin, Larsa, Eshnunna, Kish, Lagash, Nippur, Borsippa, Ur, Uruk, Umma, Adab and Eridu. The conquests of Hammurabi gave the region stability after turbulent times and coalesced the patchwork of states of southern and central Mesopotamia into one single nation, and it is only from the time of Hammurabi that southern Mesopotamia came to be known historically as Babylonia.
The armies of Babylonia under Hammurabi were well-disciplined, and he was able to invade modern-day Iran to the east and conquer the pre-Iranic Elamites, Gutians and Kassites. To the west, Hammurabi enjoyed military success against the Semitic states of the Levant (modern Syria), including the powerful kingdom of Mari.Hammurabi also entered into a protracted war with the Old Assyrian Empire for control of Mesopotamia and the Near East. Assyria had extended control over parts of Asia Minor from the 21st century BCE, and from the latter part of the 19th century BCE had asserted itself over northeast Syria and central Mesopotamia as well. After a protracted unresolved struggle over decades with the Assyrian king Ishme-Dagan, Hammurabi forced his successor Mut-Ashkur to pay tribute to Babylon c. 1751 BCE, thus giving Babylonia control over Assyria's centuries old Hattian and Hurrian colonies in Asia Minor.


Source: Boundless. “Hammurabi and the First Babylonian Dynasty.” Boundless World History I: Ancient-1600. Boundless, 21 Jul. 2015. Retrieved 18 Feb. 2016 from https://www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-i-ancient-1600-textbook/ancient-civilizations-mesopotamia-egypt-and-others-1/ancient-mesopotamia-15/hammurabi-and-the-first-babylonian-dynasty-67-13319/





One of the most important works of this First Dynasty of Babylon was the compilation of a code of laws which echoed and improved upon the earlier written laws of Sumer, Akkad and Assyria. This code of law is called the "Hammurabi Code" and was made by order of Hammurabi after the expulsion of the Elamites and the settlement of his kingdom. The code is one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world. The Code consists of 282 laws, with scaled punishments, adjusting "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" (lex talionis) as graded depending on social status, of slave versus free man. Nearly one-half of the Code deals with matters of contract. A third of the code addresses issues concerning household and family relationships.
From before 3000 BC until the reign of Hammurabi, the major cultural and religious center of southern Mesopotamia had been the ancient city of Nippur, where the god Enlil reigned supreme. However, with the rise of Hammurabi, this honor was transferred to Babylon, and the south Mesopotamian god Marduk rose to supremacy in the pantheon of southern Mesopotamia (with the god Ashur remaining the dominant deity in the northern Mesopotamian state of Assyria). The city of Babylon became known as a "holy city" where any legitimate ruler of southern Mesopotamia had to be crowned. Hammurabi turned what had previously been a minor administrative town into a major city, increasing its size and population dramatically, and conducting a number of impressive architectural works.
The Babylonians, like their predecessor Sumero-Akkadian states, engaged in regular trade with the Amorite and Canaanite city-states to the west.

The Decline of the First Babylonian Dynasty

Despite Hammurabi's various military successes, southern Mesopotamia had no natural, defensible boundaries, which made it vulnerable to attack. After the death of Hammurabi, his empire began to disintegrate rapidly. Under his successor Samsu-iluna (1749-1712 BCE) the far south of Mesopotamia was lost to a native Akkadian king called Ilum-ma-ili and became the Sealand Dynasty, remaining free of Babylon for the next 272 years.
Both the Babylonians and their Amorite rulers were driven from Assyria to the north by an Assyrian-Akkadian governor named Puzur-Sin c. 1740 BCE. Amorite rule survived in a much reduced Babylon, Samshu-iluna's successor Abi-Eshuh made a vain attempt to recapture the Sealand Dynasty for Babylon, but met defeat at the hands of king Damqi-ilishu II. By the end of his reign Babylonia had shrunk to the small and relatively weak nation it had been upon its foundation.


Source: Boundless. “Hammurabi and the First Babylonian Dynasty.” Boundless World History I: Ancient-1600. Boundless, 21 Jul. 2015. Retrieved 18 Feb. 2016 from https://www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-i-ancient-1600-textbook/ancient-civilizations-mesopotamia-egypt-and-others-1/ancient-mesopotamia-15/hammurabi-and-the-first-babylonian-dynasty-67-13319/



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Rim-Sin I 13th king of babylon then defeaTED BY HAMMURABI




Rim-Sin I ruled the ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1758 BC to 1699 BC (in short chronology) or 1822 BC to 1763 BC (middle chronology). His sister En-ane-du was high priestess of the moon god in Ur. Rim-Sin I was a contemporary ofHammurabi of Babylon and Irdanene of Uruk
















Warad-Sin c. 1770–1758 BC 12th king babylon



Warad-Sin c. 1770–1758 BC


Warad-Sin ruled the ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1770 BC to 1758 BC. There are indications that his father Kudur-Mabuk was co-regent or at very least the power behind the throne. His sister En-ane-du was high priestess of the moon god in Ur[1] [2] [3]
Annals survive for his complete 12-year reign. He recorded that in his second year as king, he destroyed the walls of Kazallu, and defeated the army of Mutibal that had occupied Larsa.

 This usurpation allowed Larsa, which had passed through a period of internal unrest, to flourish one more time. Under Warad-Sin and in the long reign of his brother Rim-Sin, large portions of southern Babylonia, including Nippur, were once again united in one state of Larsa in 1794. Larsa was conquered by Hammurabi...













Silli-Adad, 12th king of babylon


Silli-Adad, 12th king of babylon


Silli-Adad ruled the ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1771 BC to 1770 BC. His reign was less than a full year; [1] [2][3] the annals state that he was "removed from kingship" and "was no longer king". His successor was Warad-Sin.



















Sin-Iqisham, 11th king of babylon


Sin-Iqisham, 11th king of babylon












MapFeatures for Ancient MesopotamiaCity State of Larsa
Apart from one possible contender during the pre-flood period in which Bad-Tibira held the kingship, the city of Larsa doesn't seem to have had any other independent kings of its own until the very end of Sumerian civilisation.
Control of it was gained by the Amorite inheritors of southern Mesopotamia, becoming the centre of a moderately successful city state which also controlled Ur and Uruk. Its name (modern Tell as-Senkereh), was corrupted to Ellasar in the Bible, although the Biblical king Arioch of Ellasar is now thought to be the early Hurrian king Ariukki. Dates are according to the Middle Chronology, which (until recently at least) was the most popular. The Long Chronology sets the dates 120 years earlier, while the Low Chronology sets them 64 years later.
c.2025 BC
With the power of the Third Dynasty at Ur crumbling, it seems that Larsa becomes independent, at least to a degree, founding its own line of kings.
MapAmorite Rulers of Larsa
Larsa became a formidable force in southern Mesopotamia during the Old Babylonian Period. After the Third Dynasty of Ur collapsed, many of the larger city states hurried to fill the resultant power vacuum. Isin managed to regain many of the most important Sumerian sites, and appointed their own governors at Larsa. One of them, an Amorite of the Yamutbal tribe named Gungunum, broke with Isin, set up his own independent dynasty at Larsa, and seized the now diminished city of Ur. Whether his predecessors were also Amorites is not known.
c.2025 - 2004 BC
Naplanum / Nablanum
Presumably an Amorite of the Yamutbal.
c.2004 - 1998 BC
Emisum
Possible son?
c.1998 BC
Larsa falls under the control of Isin in the century of disorder which follows the collapse of Sumerian civilisation. It seems by the Larsa king list that Emisum continues to govern the city, but probably only as a subject of Isin.
c.1998 - 1976 BC
Emisum
c.1976 - 1941 BC
Samium
Possible son? Established Larsa as a rival to Isin.
c.1941 - 1933 BC
Zabaya / Zabaia / Zambija
Governor of Larsa under Isin's rule?
c.1932 - 1905 BC
Gungunum
Son? Governor of Larsa under Isin's rule. First king of Larsa.
c.1920? BC
Gungunum, Isin's governor of the province of Lagash, breaks with his masters and sets up his own dynasty in Larsa, although the reasons for this are largely unknown. To further frustrate Isin's rulers, he seizes Ur, cutting Isin's vital trade route and economically crippling the city.
c.1905 - 1894 BC
Abisare / Abi-sare
Son?
c.1905 - 1866 BC
Gungunum's two successors in the rule of Larsa and Ur seek to cut off Isin's access to water by rerouting canals to Larsa. There is evidence that acquiring access to water in this increasingly arid region poses quite a problem for most of southern Mesopotamia in this period, so making it an increasingly vital resource. After this period, Isin quickly loses political and economical force.
c.1894 - 1866 BC
Sumu-el
Son?
c.1865 - 1850 BC
Nur-Adad
c.1850 - 1843 BC
Sin-iddinam
c.1843 - 1841 BC
Sin-eribam
Son?
c.1841 - 1836 BC
Sin-iqisham
c.1836 - 1835 BC
Silli-Adad
Son?
c.1835 BC
Silli-Adad is defeated and killed in battle by Sabium of Babylon, apparently leaving the kingdom in a political vacuum which is quickly filled by Elamites.
fl c.1835 BC
Kudur-mabug
King of an Elamite state north of Susa?
c.1834 BC
Kudur-mabug, apparent king of an otherwise unknown Elamite state to the north of the Elamite capital at Susa, manages to install his son, Warad-Sin, on the throne of Larsa.
c.1834-1823 BC
Warad-Sin
Son.
Rim-Sin succeeds his brother and conquers much of southern Mesopotamia. Isin is taken in c.1796 BC (or perhaps earlier), and Sin-muballit of Babylon is defeated. Uruk is also defeated (c.1810 BC) and then finally captured (c.1803/2 BC). The city state's possessions reach their peak, such as it is, controlling about ten to fifteen other cities - nowhere near the territory controlled by many previous dynasties in Sumerian history. Even so, the city state manages to undertake huge building projects and agricultural undertakings.
c.1822-1763 BC
Rim-Sin
Brother. 'Shepherd of the land of Nippur'.
c.1763 BC
Rim-Sin is attacked by Hammurabi's Babylonian empire for his failure to provide any real assistance in the allied effort to beat back the growing threat of the powerful Elamites. Given Rim-Sin's ancestry perhaps the lack of support should not have been a surprise. Hammurabi now controls most of Sumer.
c.1741 - 1736 BC
Rim-Sin II
An adventurer.
Along with many others at the time of Hammurabi's death, Rim-Sin II sees an opportunity to lead a revolt against the rule of Samsu-iluna's Babylonian empire. The two fight for five years, with Rim-Sin allied to Eshnunna, and most battles taking place on the Elam/Sumer border before Rim-Sin is captured and executed.
c.539 BC
Archaeological evidence suggests that Larsa remains occupied until the end of the Neo-Babylonian empire, when it is abandoned, either upon Babylonia becoming part of the Persian Achaemenid empire, or shortly afterwards.